Female urethral diverticular carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature

Urethral diverticulum cancer is a rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor of the urethra with a poor prognosis. The onset of urethral diverticulum cancer is concealed, and its clinical manifestations are nonspecific and diverse. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, and imaging studies and cystourethroscopy are the primary preoperative diagnostic methods for urethral diverticulum cancer. Pathology and immunohistochemistry serve as the basis for confirmation of diagnosis. Currently, there is no unified treatment protocol for female urethral diverticulum cancer internationally. For female patients with urethral diverticulum cancer without distant metastasis, surgery remains the primary treatment. For patients with distant metastasis, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy may be considered.Genetic testing and targeted immunotherapy offer new approaches for future treatment.