Nonlinear optical response of BiVO₄ and its application for ultrafast pulsed fiber lasers

Herein, we present aN Er-doped all-fiber laser with BiVO₄ as the saturable absorber (SA). To illustrate the nonlinear optical response, a two-dimensional model of monoclinic and its electronic structure was calculated. The nonlinear absorption properties were evaluated utilizing the Z-scan technique, and a saturable absorber was fabricated for integration into a fiber laser, resulting in a stable Q-switched output. At a maximum pump power of 600 mW, the fiber laser achieved an average output power of 25.23 mW and a pulse energy of 330.76 nJ. This research confirms that BiVO₄ material exhibits outstanding nonlinear optical characteristics, thereby broadening its scope of application in the realm of ultrafast pulsed fiber lasers.