El Niño–Southern Oscillation Prediction Based on the Global Atmospheric Oscillation in CMIP6 Models

In this work, the preindustrial control (piControl) and Historical experiments results from climatic Earth system models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are analyzed for their ability to predict the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using the principal component method, it is shown that the Global Atmospheric Oscillation (GAO), of which the ENSO is an element, is the main mode of interannual variability of planetary anomalies of surface air temperature (SAT) and atmospheric sea level pressure (SLP) in the ensemble of 50 CMIP6 models. It turns out that the CMIP6 ensemble of models reproduces the planetary structure of the GAO and its west–east dynamics with a period of approximately 3.7 years. The models showed that the GAO combines ENSO teleconnections with the tropics of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and with temperate and high latitudes. To predict strong El Niño and La Niña events, we used a predictor index (PGAO) obtained earlier from observation data and reanalyses. The predictive ability of the PGAO is based on the west–east propagation of planetary structures of SAT and SLP anomalies characteristic of the GAO. Those CMIP6 models have been found that reproduce well the west–east spread of the GAO, with El Niño and La Niña being phases of this process. Thanks to this, these events can be predicted with approximately a year’s lead time, thereby overcoming the so-called spring predictability barrier (SPB) of the ENSO. Thus, the influence of global anomalies of SAT and SLP on the ENSO is shown, taking into account that it may increase the reliability of the early forecast of El Niño and La Niña events.