A li+/Na+ hybrid rechargeable full battery comprising rice husk porous hard carbon anode and sodium vanadium phosphate

As the demand for affordable and safe energy storage options surges, the quest for hybrid ion batteries that effectively combine the strengths of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) and Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) is gaining momentum. This study introduces an innovative hybrid lithium/sodium ion full battery (HIB), which features a porous hard carbon (PHC) anode and a high-energy sodium-based cathode, Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP). Upon assembly, these HIBs demonstrate a commendable operating voltage of approximately 3.5 V, alongside a discharge-specific capacity of 92.9 mAh/g. Furthermore, they reveal impressive capabilities in terms of high-rate performance, cycling stability, and reversible capacity. The investigation into the reaction kinetics and the mechanisms behind lithium/sodium insertion and extraction in this hybrid battery was initially conducted through ex-situ XRD and ex-situ XPS analyses. This research opens up new avenues and perspectives for further advancements in hybrid ion battery technology.