Contribution of Coal Tar Sources to Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Associated Ecological Risk in Lake Ontario Sediments: Inference from a Novel Marker

Coal tar-related products as a source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are particularly concerning due to high PAC concentrations and inadequate source management. Benzo[b]carbazole, a benzocarbazole isomer exclusively found in coal tar-derived products, acts as an ideal marker to distinguish coal tar sources from others, enabling more robust quantification of coal tar contributions to PACs. To evaluate the historical and recent contributions of coal tar-related sources to the levels of PACs in Lake Ontario and associated ecological risk, we analyzed 31 PACs and 3 BCBz isomers in surface sediments and a sediment core. In the surface sediments, summed concentrations of the PACs ranged from 170 to 11,000 ng/g, dry weight, 63-90% of which were attributed to the 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our results suggest the contribution by coal tar-related sources to PAC contamination has increased over the past decades and reached over 40% in Lake Ontario surface sediments. Employing the toxicological-priority-index scheme for the field data, high molecular weight EPA PAHs were identified as priority PACs. Cumulative PAC risk assessments indicate that with the exception of Mimico Creek, all other sampling sites exhibited elevated risk values.