Relationship between vitamin D and the absorption of metals and metalloids in pregnancy

Vitamin D deficiency is a public health problem worldwide.The interest in its role in maintaining health has increased, given that in pregnancy it has been related to health problems such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, premature birth, and having children with low birth weight or small for the gestational age.Diverse factors have been related to the deficiency of this vitamin, with recent interest being environmental factors such as exposure to pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals.In the last decade, evidence has increased of the possible interaction between vitamin D deficiency and the absorption of heavy metals and metalloids during the gestational stage.Therefore, in this narrative review, we discuss the clinical evidence of the participation of vitamin D and heavy metals during pregnancy to put forward the opportunities to advance this controversial line of research.