Identification and Optimization of Attractive Territorial Spaces in Gansu Province Based on the Supply-Demand Ratio of Ecosystem Services

High-quality Attractive Territorial Spaces (ATS) are key to enhancing national territorial space quality. This study proposes a systematic framework for identifying and optimizing ATS, integrating ecosystem service (ES) supply-demand analysis, driving factor detection, ATS identification, landscape pattern analysis, and optimization strategies. Key findings include: (1) Significant spatial imbalances in ES supply-demand in Gansu Province, with the west as a vital water source and carbon sink and the east excelling in cultural services. (2) NDVI and population are primary factors driving ES spatial differences, influencing carbon sequestration, recreation, and aesthetic landscapes. (3) Urban and ecological spaces exhibit fragmentation, while agricultural spaces lack diversity and connectivity. The Attractiveness Territorial Index (ATI) aligns with Gansu’s spatial planning, providing targeted strategies to improve territorial space value and quality while protecting attractiveness elements.