Newcastle disease awareness and vaccination practices among indigenous chicken farmers in the Biharamulo district of Tanzania

Indigenous chicken production is a significant economic activity in rural sub-Saharan Africa. These chickens are naturally resilient to unfavourable environmental conditions such as poor-quality feed and infections, making them ideal for village conditions. However, Newcastle disease is a major challenge to village chicken production. Since the chickens are kept in a free-range system, they are more likely to catch the disease from the environment and spread it throughout the whole village. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for controlling Newcastle disease. However, various socio-economic and local environmental issues impede vaccination efforts. The study examined the awareness of and vaccination of indigenous chickens against Newcastle disease in rural areas of the Biharamulo district in northern Tanzania. It sought to understand the extent of knowledge among farmers about the disease, the availability of vaccines, and the factors influencing vaccination uptake. Data collection methods included household interviews, focus group talks, and key informant interviews. The findings reveal both challenges and opportunities for improving Newcastle disease control and promoting sustainable poultry farming in the region. While most farmers reported being aware of Newcastle disease, many did not vaccinate their chickens. Those who vaccinated their chickens did so irregularly or used herbal medicines as vaccines. Various socio-demographic aspects, including the age and education level of the chicken owner, awareness of the disease, production experience, and previous experience with Newcastle disease outbreaks, determined the probability of vaccination. The farmers identified limited information about Newcastle disease vaccination as a major constraint on vaccinating their flocks. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve Newcastle disease control among indigenous chicken farmers in rural areas of Biharamulo district. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening farmer education, expanding access to vaccines, and enhancing extension services. Promoting community-based vaccination programs and awareness campaigns can help bridge these gaps, contributing to sustainable poultry farming and improved livelihoods in the region.