Italian validation and network analysis of SHAME (SHAME-I) and its associations with perceived dysfunctional parenting

Abstract Shame is a self-conscious emotion influenced by the quality of the parent-child relationship. Although much research has assessed shame as a one-dimensional construct, shame is characterized by multiple dimensions. Considering the need to measure different aspects of shame, the present study aimed to confirm the three-factor structure of SHAME questionnaire and to analyze the network structure in Italian population. The second aim was to assess associations between shame dimensions and perceived dysfunctional parenting styles. Four-hundred-sixty-four participants responded to an online survey that contained the Italian version of the SHAME (SHAME-I), the Other as Shame Scale, to assess the convergent validity of the SHAME-I with an Italian-validated measure, and the Measure Of Parental Style to assess dysfunctional parenting. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the three-factor model, and items were arranged in the network consistently with the dimensions to which they belonged. Correlations showed good convergent validity for the SHAME-I. In addition, SHAME-I dimensions showed positive associations with perceived dysfunctional parenting. The SHAME-I seems to be a valid instrument that considers shame in its multidimensionality. Items with erotic, social exclusion, and disvalue cues had higher importance in the network. Lastly, specific SHAME-I dimensions were differently associated with dysfunctional parenting.