Exploring the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors a and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors d in Stress Adaptation and Metabolic Regulation in Liver and Kidney of Fresh Water Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-s), particularly PPAR-a and PPAR-d, play critical roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and adaptive responses to environmental stress. While their expression and functions have been extensively studied in terrestrial organisms, data on PPAR-a and PPAR-d genes in aquatic organisms remain limited. This study investigates the expression patterns of PPAR-a and PPAR-d genes in aquatic species exposed to varying environmental stressors. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and biochemical assays, we analyzed gene expression levels in relation to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress markers. Our findings reveal significant modulation of PPAR-a and PPAR-d gene expression under stress conditions, suggesting their involvement in stress adaptation and metabolic regulation in aquatic environments. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning stress responses in aquatic organisms, highlighting the importance of PPAR-s in maintaining homeostasis and resilience in changing ecosystems. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge necessary for sustainable conservation and management of aquatic biodiversity. . KEYWORDS :Aquatic species, Heavy metal, Homeostasis, Pollution