Ottoman Clay Tobacco Pipes from Ramla (pp. 43*–53*)

The pipes from the excavations at the Central Bus Station in Ramla are mostly early types dating to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They seem to be of local manufacture, except for one, which may be an import from Turkey, as it bears a Turkish inscription. Only one fragment of a nineteenth-century pipe with a lily-shaped bowl was found in this assemblage. Thirty-three pipes are presented in the catalogue, including a detailed description of their designs.