Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Predictors and Cross-sectional Insights

Introduction: Anaemia, particularly iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The clinical definition of anaemia is characterised by low amounts of haemoglobin, the iron-rich protein in red blood cells, essential for oxygen transport. One of the early consequences of CKD is the development of anaemia, which tends to worsen as kidney function declines. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and predictors of IDA amongst Saudi Arabian patients with CKD, adding valuable information to the existing body of knowledge and addressing a significant gap in regional research. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 in various healthcare facilities across Saudi Arabia. The study population consisted of 1184 Saudi Arabian patients diagnosed with CKD. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire focusing on the prevalence of IDA, demographic, clinical and laboratory variables. The sample size was calculated to ensure adequate representation and statistical power. Convenience sampling was used for participant selection, and SPSS 28.0 was employed for data analysis. Results: The study found a high prevalence rate of 43.9% for IDA amongst CKD patients in Saudi Arabia. Key factors associated with anaemia included body mass index (BMI), family history, smoking status, dietary habits and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Notably, obesity (BMI ≥30) was linked to a lower likelihood of anaemia, while non-smokers showed a higher likelihood. In addition, the study highlighted the importance of dietary factors and patient awareness in managing IDA. Conclusion: The study’s findings underscore the significant burden of IDA amongst CKD patients in Saudi Arabia and emphasise the multifaceted nature of this health issue. Factors such as BMI, family history, smoking, dietary habits and eGFR play pivotal roles in the manifestation of IDA in CKD patients. These insights call for tailored interventions and further research to address the substantial prevalence of IDA in this population. By addressing these variables, healthcare providers can improve the management and quality of life for CKD patients while minimising the burden of IDA.