AL-BIRUNI'S ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS (HISTORICAL ANALYSIS)

Al-Biruni (973–1048), one of the most prominent intellectual figures of the medieval Islamic world, made significant contributions to various fields, including anthropology. His works reflect a profound understanding of human societies, their diversity, and their interrelation with nature and culture. This article explores Al-Biruni's anthropological views, highlighting his comparative approach to cultures, his emphasis on empirical observation, and his contributions to the study of human behavior, language, and social organization.