General Theoretical and Practical Similarities in Three Notable US and German World War II Armour Penetration

During World War II, highly kinetic metal-filled armour-piercing shells (APS) were fired from tanks and cannons to penetrate adversaries’ armour. Scientific analysis of penetration was traditionally challenging. Empirical equations, derived from past test results with varied APS and armours, were used to predict fairly accurately the minimal velocity required for a complete penetration, when minor changes were made to APS or armour in use. The major changes and new models, introduced during the war, required a deeper understanding. The wartime studies looked for a more scientific approach, although theories on metal contacting another metal were at an early stage. Two US studies and a German one are well known; however, they were initiated for different reasons. The studies demonstrate a similar use of classical mechanics, empirical equations, and practical tests, albeit with varying level of emphasis, and none of the three studies provided comprehensive solutions. The article also discusses their practical application.