Developing a new technology acceptance model for smart city applications in compliance with GDPR

<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">This paper presents a novel ‘Smart City Data Protection and Integration Model’ (SCDPIM) that combines robust data protection with user-centric design, emphasizing transparency, data ownership and GDPR compliance as central to fostering trust in smart city solutions. A new technology acceptance model was developed using structural equation modelling. Initially, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on data from 250 participants to refine the constructs. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis with 402 respondents showed an excellent model fit [χ²(96, N = 402) = 252.062,&nbsp;</span><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">p</i><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;"> &lt; .001, CFI = .94, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .06]. These results confirm that transparency is a primary driver of positive attitudes towards smart city applications, while data ownership further strengthens user trust and willingness to engage. By specifying rigorous data governance protocols and emphasizing regulatory alignment, the SCDPIM provides practical guidance for policymakers, municipalities and developers. This research underscores that embracing transparent data practices not only protects personal information, but also cultivates a sense of user empowerment, ultimately promoting broader adoption of smart technologies. The model's focus on privacy and compliance thus fosters an inclusive urban environment that integrates innovation with citizens’ rights and overall well-being.</span>