COASTAL EROSION VULNERABILITIES IN BATU PAHAT, JOHOR: AN ANALYSIS USING THE CERA METHOD

The coastal zones of Batu Pahat, Malaysia, are highly vulnerable to erosion due to their exposed sand-mud geomorphology, intensified by human activities and climate change. The aim of this research is to assess vulnerability of coastal erosion in Pantai Perpat, Pantai Punggur, and Pantai Parit Hailam using the Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment (CERA) tool. This study evaluates five key parameters: geomorphology, coastal defences, population density, infrastructure, and ecology to understand the area susceptibility and overall vulnerability. The CERA framework was applied to quantify erosion risks through a vulnerability assessment, using data from satellite imagery, statistical reports, and literature. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate model accuracy, with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculated to validate the assessment. Results indicate that Pantai Perpat is the most vulnerable site, mainly due to its weak natural defences and nearest distance to infrastructure, while Pantai Punggur and Pantai Parit Hailam exhibit moderate risks. Geomorphology and coastal defences were identified as the most influential factors in determining vulnerability, highlighting the need for improved coastal protection measures. In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of strengthening both natural and artificial defences to mitigate erosion risks. Further studies are recommended to refine the CERA model, aiming for greater precision in coastal management strategies to protect vulnerable regions from future erosion.