Spatial Distribution and Cluster Pattern Analysis of Korean Neolithic Sites

This study analyzes the spatial patterns and clustering of Neolithic sites in South Korea through spatial analysis of sites identified via excavations and surface surveys, while also examining their cultural significance. The uneven spatial distribution of Neolithic sites, with a tendency to cluster in specific regions, has been noted since the early stages of Neolithic research. This non-uniform distribution is likely attributable to both environmental and social factors. Using the percolation method to analyze the clustering of 665 Neolithic sites reported in South Korea (excluding Jeju Island and other islands), the study identified that the sites can be categorized into multiple small clusters and a few large clusters, depending on the range of observation. A single large cluster is composed of 3 to 5 small clusters. These small clusters appear to have formed at different times, suggesting that both short- and long-distance population movements occurred and that there were core areas of population diffusion. Around 3500 BC, when the population experienced rapid growth, individual regional groups are thought to have been integrated into extensive social networks. These networks likely had a nested structure, where individual sites formed small clusters, and multiple small clusters interconnected to form large clusters. On the other hand, no significant regional clusters were formed in parts of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, which were likely low-density areas throughout the Neolithic period due to social and environmental factors.