Application of nanotechnology in sprouts and microgreens: Current developments and future perspectives

Sprouts and microgreens, known for their abundance in phytochemicals and rapid growth cycles, are increasingly popular as functional and nutraceutical foods. However, their potential is often limited by challenges such as inefficient nutrient uptake, microbial contamination, and short shelf life limit their development. In this review, the roles of nanotechnology in enhancing the cultivation and post-harvest quality of sprouts and microgreens are highlighted, such as nanofertilizers, seed nanopriming, nanosensors, nanopesticides, and nanocoatings/nanopackaging. These approaches show promise in boosting nutrient efficiency, promoting plant growth, and extending product shelf life. Nonetheless, the side effects of nanotechnology on plant physiology, soil microbiota, and food safety are unknown, indicating that further investigation is needed to ensure its sustainable and safe application in agriculture. This review provides an overview and a forward-looking perspective, aiming to guide future research and innovation in this field. • Nanofertilizers increase nutrient uptake and quality in sprouts and microgreens. • Seed nanopriming improves germination, growth, and stress resistance. • Nanosensors enhance nutrient monitoring and pathogen detection efficiency. • Nanopesticides and nanopackaging extend shelf life and reduce microbial risks.