Spatially variable recruitment response to fire severity in golden-top wattle (Acacia mariae, family: Fabaceae), a thicket-forming shrub of semi-arid forests

Context Investigations into the life history strategies of organisms in ecosystems prone to fires are essential for effective fire impact management. In Australia, fire severity is expected to increase under anthropogenic climate change (ACC), therefore understanding plant responses to this fire regime element is essential for developing conservation-focused burning practices. Aims Assess the recruitment response of golden-top wattle (Acacia mariae) to varying fire severities (high, low and unburnt) in the semi-arid Pilliga forest in Northern Inland New South Wales. Investigate seedbank dynamics and germination biology to inform post-fire recruitment patterning. Methods Longitudinal seedbank studies were performed to understand seedbank dynamics and the associated influence on post-fire regeneration. A laboratory trial was conducted to assess the effects of heat shock and incubation temperature on seed germination. Field surveys were conducted at four sites to assess fire severity impacts and evaluate spatial variability in post-fire recruitment after the 2018 Gibbican Rd wildfire. Key results Recruitment varied among sites but was highest in shrubs burned by high-severity fire (5.8 seedlings/shrub), followed by low-severity fire (0.8 seedlings/shrub) and unburnt shrubs (0.1 seedlings/shrub). Over 5 years, seedbank densities fluctuated markedly, peaking in 2021 following a major seeding event but declined rapidly thereafter. Germination was optimised when seeds underwent heat shock at temperatures between 100 and 140°C and incubated at warm temperatures. Conclusions Acacia mariae germination is promoted by heat stimulation, explaining why high intensity burns with higher soil temperatures enhance recruitment. Differences in seedbank densities at the time of fire may account for varied recruitment across landscapes. Overall, A. mariae regenerates well after high-severity fires but poorly after low-severity fires, indicating that the species may be resilient to increased fire severity under ACC but struggle under current widespread low-severity prescribed management burning regimes.