Sex Differences in Long COVID

In this prospective cohort study of the NIH RECOVER-Adult cohort, female sex was associated with an increased risk of long COVID compared with male sex, and this association was age, pregnancy, and menopausal status dependent. These findings highlight the need to identify biological mechanisms contributing to sex specificity to facilitate risk stratification, targeted drug development, and improved management of long COVID.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
JAMA Network Open
Published
2025-01-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430
Citations
69
Primary Topic
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
94.47

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

Sex Differences in Long COVID

Aasma Shaukat, Grace A. McComsey, Lourdes Norwick, David Chestek et al.
69 citations
JAMA Network Open
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
94.47
article

Sex Differences in Long COVID

Aasma Shaukat, Grace A. McComsey, Lourdes Norwick, David Chestek, Sai D. Illendula, Leigh Powell, Lia L. Spencer, Tamara G. Fong, Marina Catallozzi, François Haddad, Peter K. Petrov, Amber Trauth, Elizabeth S. Kaufman, Natalya Alekhina, Keith A. Hanson, Megan Tribout, Arthur Y. Kim, Nathaniel Erdmann, Yvonne Maldonado, Dean J. Kleinhenz, Brahmchetna Bedi, Jarrod Mosier, Marian Kerbleski, David E. Warren, Michael B. Sullivan, J. Daniel Kelly, Andrea B. Troxel, Diane G. Kanjilal, Neil H. Pliskin, John W. Hafner, Julie A. Wallick, Thomas W. Carton, Halle Grebe, Matthew S. Durstenfeld, Helen Y. Chu, Elizabeth Gay, Ma Somsouk, Judd E. Shellito, Adolfo Garcı́a-Sastre, Timothy J. Henrich, Martha Menchaca, Lora Black, Madeline Young, Ryan C. Branski, Trina Hughes, Radica Z. Alicic, Shifa Ahmed, Jorge Santana Bagur, Benjamin H. Natelson, Carlos Valencia, Hossein Estiri, George A. Yendewa, Nich Wattanasin, Ian Gray, Richard Church, Mark P. Goldberg, Tanayott Thaweethai, Sarah Scott, Sean Hanlon, Ramaswamy Ramchandran, Jonathan Rosand, Nora G. Singer, Ann Wallace, Natalie L. Adolphi, Julie Abella, Howard D. Sesso, Casey L. Daniel, Lauren Nichols, Julio C. Facelli, Cory Sylber, Nita Jain, David T. Harris, Ai‐ris Y. Collier, Jun Sun, Scott C. Woller, Jyotsna Fuloria, Jessica Lasky‐Su, Ann Conrad, Sanjib Basu, Nita Vangeepuram, Charles Searles, Andrew Vasey, Crystal Wong, Hillary Johnson, Kathryn McCaffrey, Jeffrey N. Martin, Leslie Spikes, Amy Rapkiewicz, Jace D. Johnny, Zoe Guan, Diana Flores, Mary Rithu Varkey, Radu Postelnicu, Lenard A. Adler, Anurag Maheshwari, Paul J. Utz, Lindsay Leither, Sujata Thawani, Wenfei Tang, Richard Gallagher, Claire L. Simpson, Kartavya J. Vyas, Sudha S. Seshadri, Pavitra Kotini‐Shah, Tanyalak Parimon, David Putrino, Phoebe Del Boccio, Courtney Steele, Jasmine A. Berry, Susan Jackman, Bharati Prasad, Elen Feuerriegel, Jacquelynn Copeland, Carolin C. M. Schulte, Judy Oakes, Beth A. Garvy, William Hartley, Lisa O’Brien, Kehmia Titanji, Christopher Simmons, Lori B. Chibnik, Miriam Martínez, Naomi M. Hamburg, Kelli Kuykendall, Theresa Howard, Matthew Rowley, Annalia Causey, Shreya Ahirwar, Laura Pace, Paula Manner, Leslie Iverson, Sara J. Deakyne Davies, Chelsea Rose, Kathleen R. Diviak, Pankil Shah, Maricela Haghiac, Emily Conway, Nandan Patibandla, Justin Romero, Gabrielyd Hastings, Sandra Fink, Aoyjai P. Montgomery, Natalie Boutin, Keren Hasbani, Cheryl E. Farner, Zachary S. Wallace, Mark N. Gillespie, Barbara Sieck Taylor, Andrea S. Foulkes, Bonnie LaFleur, B Joel Tjarks, Daniel B. Brown, Gabrielle Maranga, Belinda Edwards, Mathew W. Hill, Julie Costello, Brandi Johnson, Brian D’Anza, Zachary H. Strasser, Patricia Kovatch, Kaitlin E. Buck, Bisola O. Ojikutu, Laura Wagner, Mike Enger, Rebecca Reece, Melissa M. Cortez, Abeer Moanna, Mary Beth Scholand, Jason D. Goldman, Rachel E. Patzer, Denise Rodríguez Esquivel, Lynn Ngo, Lorenzo A. Montoya, Diane Keogh, Garrett Grischo, Rachel Hess, Cheryl L. Maier, Ann Pearman, Julia W. Gallini, Siobhan Trotter, Arnab Roy, Thomas F. Martínez, Hassan Beydoun, Naomi P. Friedman, Elena Martín Morales, Christopher Morton, Katelyn R. Ludwig, Elliott Bueler, Griffin M. Weber, Lisa T. Newman, Sabine Borwege, Marzieh Salehi, Bridget F. Koontz, Matthew A. Lee, Nadia Malik, Talal Moukabary, Carlos Río, Lisa G. Rosas, Jonathan Monteiro, Joy Juskowich, Zaki A. Sherif, Suzanne D. Vernon, Jeffrey A. Sparks, Debra Copeland, Alem Mehari, Claire Quiner, Katherine P. Liao, ROBERT JOSEPH THOMAS, Dara R. Adams, Neely Williams, Eileen Osinski, Hannah Mandel, Christopher F. Martin, Hannah Wright, Dagny K Donohue, James M. Bardes, Cheng Shen, Steven G. Deeks, Jennifer E. V. Lloyd, Carina Marquez, Prasanna Jagannathan, Brenda Lambert, Larissa Teunis, Megan W. Martel, Ashley Sylvera, Kimberly Clinton, Patricia Ceger, Jessica Traenkner, Brittany Taylor, Paulina A. Rebolledo, Sergey Malchenko, Jane E.B. Reusch, Karyn Bishof, Xiangqin Cui, Erica R. Nahin, Mario Castro, Jennifer Truong, Utsav Nandi, Carla Hernandez, Alicarmen Alvarez, Dimitar Dimitrov, Arline Faustin, Gary W. Crawford, Dawood Darbar, Elizabeth B. Klerman, Natalie Gray, Yanxiang Hu, Jared Durieux, Jennifer C. Gander, Crystal Vidal, Blake Anderson, Monica Verduzco‐Gutierrez, Leo C. Ginns, Rachel Kenney, Debra Davis, Giang Huong Tran, James R. Heath, Michael Rodgers, Rebecca Hoh, Kim F. Rhoads, Haihua Zhang, Caitlin A. Moran, Caitlin Selvaggi, Leah Mary Santacroce, Vasishta Tatapudi, James D. Kerr, Rachel S. Gross, Minjoung Go, Grace Anderson, Nicole Del Castillo, Andrew T. Magis, Michael Hernandez, Antonina Caudill, Joel D. Trinity, Marina Del Rios, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Chinwendu F Agu, Sarah Li, Mary Thomas, Jenny J. Lin, Janko Nikolich‐Žugich, Scott J. Russo, Geoffrey D. Clarke, Hengameh Raissy, Adam M. Spivak, Kenneth S. Knox, Michael Mendis, Jai Marathe, Logan Bartram, Helen Nguyen, Tianrun Cai, Seth Noland, Grace Ramakrishnan, Antonio Rodríguez, Kim M. Murray, Stephen B. Johnson, MeeLee Tom, André L. Moreira, Nasser Sharareh, Kazi Mizanur Rahman, Vishnu Garla, Cheryl R. Clark, Dara Meyer, Brittany Woolley, Catherine Freeland, Suneet P. Chauhan, Anita Walden, Amit Gupta, Gailen D. Marshall, Claudia G. Corchado, Monika Haack, Susan E. Hoover, Mirna Ayache, Andrew Cagan, Divya Pathak, Jamie Elifritz, John P. Kirwan, Heekyong Park, Gustavo Capo, Paula Datri, R. Nelson, John D. Dickinson, Julia Doswell Royster, Jeff Anderson, Precious Akinbo, Sally Hodder, Xiaolin Jia, Kavishwar B. Wagholikar, Michael D. Carrithers, Pieter A. Cohen, Nadine Rouphael, Lucio Miele, Frederick D. Gentry, Neera Ahuja, William M. Simons, Tim Lockie, Honorine Ward, Rohini Kumar, Matthew Litvack, Jennifer K. Logue, George A. Saade, Lynn Simpson, Phoebe Burton, Keila N. Lopez, Mónica López‐Peña, Susan C Bleasdale, H. Shonna Yin, Lisa Aponte‐Soto, Arijan Ager, Denise Hasson, Julius S. Ngwa, Alan C. Seifert, Matthew Modes, Daisy Valdivieso, Dimpy P. Shah, Alexandria M. Duven, Yuri Quintana, Viva Tai, Vishal Doshi, Priscilla Y. Hsue, Anu Lala-Trindade, Gniesha Y. Dinwiddie, Casey L. Beaty, Camden L. Hebson, Jordi Lainez, Adeyinka O. Laiyemo, Atuarra McCaslin, Ren Zhe Zhang, Jason H. Maley, Monica Hendrickson, Lauren E. Stiles, Nirav Merchant, Marie‐Abèle Bind, Christian Bime, Praveen Sudhindra, Robert L. Ferrer, Aprajita Mattoo, Ivette F. Emery, Mitchell G. Miglis, Alisha N. Parada, Mark McCauley, Katherine R. Tuttle, Brianna Hobbs, R. Cagnina, Gregory Laynor, Clifford J. Rosen, Nicole Franks, Brendan Parent, Lauren N. Hewitt, Dominic C. Chow, Girish N. Nadkarni, Hannah Davis, Allen Perkins, Eric M. Reiman, Nikki J. McKoy, Jonathan D. Klein, Jennifer Hadlock, Zanthia Wiley, Valerie J. Flaherman, Binita Shah, Sam Torbati, Bruce David Levy, Gelise L. Thomas, Susan Redline, Daniela Lamas, Akash Jain, B. Ojoawo, Patrick Frazier, Christine A. Bevc, Alicia Chung, Matthew Dunn, Tiffany Walker, Theresa Foster, Janet Lin, Tonya Farris, Emily A. Fehrman, Nina Caplin, Michael R. Jordan, Alfredo E. Urdaneta, Heidi Thomas May, Kevin Shah, Jennifer Beverly, Russell L. Rothman, Dean Xerras, Joshua Harrill, James Chan, Wayne H. Giles, Gowrisree Rudraraju, Dylan Ryder, Mmekom Udosen, Viola Vaccarino, Isabelle Randall, Andra L. Blomkalns, Tiffany Thompson, Gaston Baslet, Daniel J. Shinnick, Víctor M. Castro, Joshua F. Detelich, William Reeves, Barbara Benoit, Greg Lewis, Heather A. Algren, Carly Mason, Peyton Swearingen, Weixing Huang, Naoko Muramatsu, Hector Fabio Bonilla, Leah Castro-Baucom, Vignesh Subbian, Ola Bello, Rita Sembajwe, Michael A. Williams, Jesus Pineda-Ramirez, Sarah Shizuko Morimoto, Mrinalini Kala, Kenneth Blackwell, Chantrice Rogers, Hugh Musick, Jonah Zaretsky, Charles D. Bengtson, Beatrice Huang, Rose Ann Barajas, Neha Kansal, Joyce Lee‐Iannotti, James Phillip Lash, Michael L. Washington, Lohit Garg, Amber N. Nguyen, Mady Hornig, Irma Scholler, Cathleen Wilson, Yue Lü, Lisa McCorkell, Mara Maroney, George T. O’Connor, Robin J. Mermelstein, Paul J. Thuluvath, Praneeth Chebrolu, Jennifer Sharpe Potter, Marni Segall, Judith Α. Cook, Jan E. Patterson, Vivian Fonseca, Steven B. Bradfute, Heather M. Prendergast, George R. Saade, Harrison T. Reeder, Aric A. Prather, Eduardo A. Morales, Michael B. Freedman, Sean McCandless, Anand Viswanathan, Anoop M. Nambiar, Emily B. Levitan, Rebecca Letts, Robin Tragus, Boris D. Juelg, George Washko, Reeta Metta, Janelle Linton, Deena J. Chisolm, Orlando Quintero, Khamal Anglin, Upinder Singh, Emma Barnboym, Dana L. Woodruff, Praveen C. Mudumbi, Jess Harding, Marion J. Wood, Stuart D. Katz, Stefanie Harris, Roy H. Perlis, Candace H. Feldman, John G. Quigley, Jessica Hong, Masanori Aikawa, Todd T. Brown, Jerry A. Krishnan, Naomi M. Simon, Taowei David Wang, Jenny E. Han, Walter Dehority, Sofia Oviedo, Ganesh Murthy, Mei Yang, Brandon Gray, Gregory Ware, Vanessa Gutiérrez, Deepshika Verma, Claudia C. Paredes-Amaya, Lisa J. Weaver, Irina A. Buhimschi, Julie Croxford, John Daniel Kelly, Joel Tsevat, Hassan Brim, Terry L. Vanden Hoek, Dongngan T. Truong, Sushma K. Cribbs, Ingrid V. Bassett, Franz Rischard, Monica Martinez, Davin K. Quinn, Jennifer Frontera, Sabina Guliyeva, Patricio Millar Vernetti, Deepti Pant, Sarah E. Jolley, Jan Morgan‐Billingslea, Matthew So, Sultana Bhuiyan, Daniel S. Fierer, Andrew D. Boyd, Jeanette P. Brown, Kacey C. Ernst, Fitzgerald M. Shepherd, Emily J. Gallagher, Cherry Wongtrakool, Miriam Mérad, Kristen Pogreba-Brown, Amanda Bogie, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Raushun Kirtikar, Fatima I. Sukhera, Deborah Blazey-Martin, Vidhi Javia, Michelle Harkins, Kristine Hauser, A. R. Hendrix, Bridgette Soileau, Michell Yee, Cecilia M. Shikuma, Lynn B. Gerald, Jacob Stroud, Elizabeth R. Duffy, Kyle J. Jennette, Kathryn Jee, John‐Ross Rizzo, Chau To, David Cheng, Brandon Tran, Andréia G. Arruda, Shelby Collins, Vincent C. Marconi, Linda N. Geng, Bernadine Panganiban, Suzanne E. Judd, Henry Paik, Paul Berger, Chloe Young, Megan Fitzgerald, Sarah Dawson, Edward M. Gardner, Angela M. Ellison, Ketrin Lengu, Noam D. Beckmann, Shilpa Krishnan, Robert Carreras‐Torres, Jeffrey Fine, Sacha Gnjatic, Ellen Kraig, Christine Maughan, Jalees Rehman, Rebecca Brito, Liza Fisher, Samuel Unzek, Cheryl Smith, Denise A. Kent, Brandon Young, Beth Linas, Catherine A. Blish, Jennifer S. Haas, Sophia Hill, Frank L. Greenway, Aparna Krishnamoorthy, Jordan Anderson, Nadia Raytselis, Alejandra González‐Duarte, Shamik Bhattacharyya, Jake Scott, Monica Juarez, Timothy M. VanWagoner, Maureen Whittelsey, Keri S. Kim, Dawn Bolliger, Lucinda Bateman, Alan Tita, Rick Edmark, Urania Argueta, Julie A. DeLisa, Md Shahidul Islam, Jacqueline Becker, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Cammeo Mauntel‐Medici, Erica Sutherland, Shahdi K. Malakooti, Emily Taylor, Marissa R Diggs, Hassan Ashktorab, Mark S. Dworkin, Chloe Pitch, Rebecca G. Clifton, Sarah E. Donohue, Mary Bower, Caitlyn Stringham, Dean L. Kellogg, Vanessa L. Jacoby, Charles T. Williams, Aylin Simsir, Brett R. Anderson, Iván Díaz, Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw, Benard P. Dreyer, Patricia A. Bush, Michele Longo, Felice Cook, Alice Perlowski, Bryan Bander, Sidney W. Whiteheart, Steven Ascolillo, Kellie L. Hawkins, David Hines, Vicki Johnson‐Lawrence, Karen H. Costenbader, Priscilla Pemu, Marc-Danie Nazaire, Stacey Knight, Shari B. Brosnahan, Lana Khalil, Tingyi Cao, Ramkiran Gouripeddi, Torri D. Metz, Elle Seibert, Ana Holzbach, Shawn N. Murphy, Sierra G. Thompson, Raktima Dasgupta, Danielle Zionts, Vivian S. Gainer, Charles Andrew Czeisler, Kirk U. Knowlton, Judith S. Hochman, Julio Domingo, Judith A. James, Michelle A. James, Lynn Shaughnessy, Michelle F. Lamendola-Essel, Cemal Yazıcı, Deepshikha Kewlani, Sarah Ialacci, Kumar Sharma, Judith A. Aberg, Howard S. Gordon, Andre Kumar, Melissa Buitrago, Karen Lutrick, James Scott, Jennifer Dixon, Matt Velinder, Rania Ibrahim, Tami L. Bair, Laura Kogelman, David R. Walt, J. Douglas Bremner, Randy L. Gollub, Julie E. Buring, Taing N. Aung, David M. Systrom, Jerusha Boyineni, Janine Higgins, Lindsey Robert Baden, Monika Deswal, Alexander W. Charney, George A. Alba, Patricia Heard, Toluwanimi Olorunnisola, Dustin J. Rabideau, Kofi A. Asare, Megumi J. Okumura, Frank J. Jacono, Felicia Davis Blakley, Rachel Atchley-Challenner, Evan Gutter, Sharon Hasek, Carmel Ibeawuchi, Teresa Akintonwa, Mary Atha, Barbara Predki, Melissa Rutherfoord, Samer B. Sader, Katherine Schlepphorst, Jackson Barlocker, Nancy Tartt, Tracy Terlinde, Leah Castro Baucom, Kristen Unterberger, Erika Wimberly, Elizabeth I. Ojemakinde, William J. Bonaventura, Amberly Ticotsky, Imanii Kolailat, Ali Nezamloo, Corey Saperia, Frank Blanceró, Leyna Aragon, Lindsay Bosh, Claudia Corchado, Ornina Atieh, Karl Helmer, Sheila Vadovicky, Michael Prude, Talib Sirajud-Deen, Lia Mamistvalova, Andrew Wylam, Anna Elias-Warren, Long‐Qing Chen, Daniel Kim, Peter Chen, Yu Chen, Tran Thuy Nguyen, Jun Lü, Dan Yuan, Jing Wu, kevin kondo, Harvey Hsu, Sung Woo Cho, Richard M. Novak, Nahed Ismail, Khushboo Patel, Jessica Hernández, Anand Shah, Daniel Kaufman, Terry Smith, Bhaswati Ghosh, Maya Z. Diaz, Kennedy C. Lewis, Shelby C. West, Veronica E. Smith, Bellur S. Prabhakar, Nomi C. Levy‐Carrick, Lauren A. Decker, Shane White, Margot Gage Witvliet, Patenne D. Mathews, Nandini Nair, Christina Kim, Lorna E. Thorpe, Alan W. Harris, Jeffrey C. Edberg, David Zhang, Sairam Parthasarathy, Misaki Kobayashi, Beth Smith, Alexis Brown, Johana Rosas, Kavita Sharma, Liliana Hernández, Myriam Peralta-Carcelén, Mahak Chauhan, Benjamin K. Chen, James Del Alcazar, David J. Moreno, Nicolas L. Perez, Sarina Lay, Thomas F. Patterson, Kurt Vyas, Lee Rowen, Kevin Jordan, Benjamin D. Horne, Kristine M. Erlandson, Alejandra L. Ibanez, Philip Trewett, Etienne Carignan, Megan Carmilani, Aimee Peddie, Lisa Prentiss, Lidia Regino, Mike Zissis, David A. Archuleta, Quinn Barnette, Bryan Luukinen, Demian Pasquarelli, Vanessa Thornburg, Kendall Tosco, Ramona Almenana, Samantha Ebel, Elias Febres, Sarah Laury, Joseph Nekulak, Ethan Treiha, Shannon W. Wuller, Susanna Zavlunova, Layne L. Ainsworth, Paul Avilach, Trisha T. Balan, Nicholas Benik, Xander R. Cerretani, Gregory Neils, Kathleen Rossi-Roh, Maxwell Hornig, Ashley Bendl, Leora I. Horwitz, Juan Lewis, Alexandra Koumanelis, Nour Makkaoui, Janet M. Mullington, Paul Harris, Anupama Maram, Jeffrey G. Klann, Christina Saint-Jean, Victor H. Clash, Beth Dworetzky, Yolanda Paredes-Gaitan, Krystal Simpson-Derrell, Max Walkow, Tamara Wesley, Peter Estill, Elijah J. Remis, Maitlyn Eady, Noah Garcia-McClaney, Kaylen Holtzapfel, Alexis Jinright, Leigh Kirkwood, Cathryn Leggio, Juan P. Pilco, Ghazal Ahmadi-Izad, Rachael Shevin, Sidney Skipworth, Alexander Van Deerlin, Gandi Lanke, Akbar Solemani, Walter D. Asencios, Theresa Roelke, Louis MarGangcuangco, Sigrid Perez Frontera, Daphne Dominique-Villanueva, Taylor Breiter, Marta Certa, Rashmika Chalamalla, Erica Chessier, Meghan F. Donlon, Ke’Ara Brown-Smith, Martyna Hryniewicka, Savannah Hammerl, Grace Kadubek, Elijah Kindred, Lucia Large, Abeer M. Mahamed, Phoebe Maholovich, Abhigna Madineni, Liam Morrissy, Kelechi Carl-Igwe, Calista Chitadze, Sarah Rappe, Jerisha Smith-Mack, Erna Clyburn, Alyssa Civil, Lorraine Evo-Ortega, Lori Harvey-Ingram, Grace Couture, Din Kastrat, Nick Macaluso, Kathryn Marcon, Tiffani Padua, Abdullah Serri, Harrison Z. Fudge, Annette Dandy, Noella D. Garcia-Soberanez, Rijalda Jasarevic, Irena S. Treacher, Brook Thurman, Jannah Elchommali, Heather Maestas, Gabriel Najarian, Shyanne Zubal, Hailey Chesnick, Imani Elsey, Kathryn DiFrancesco, Marissa Edminston, Christine Oleson, Kimberly Pettinato, Viral Tejani, Alex Harteloo, Rachel Poussier, Lea Dahlke, Lasya Gudipudi, Nicole Muttera, Azaneth Arellanes, Lisa Longoria, Alexis Pinones, Carmen Stoebner, Richard Brotherton, Vaidehi Dingankar, Christopher Jamero, Ellen O’Conor, Lynn Autry, Cynthia Ifejika, Marjorie DiLise-Russo, Stephanie Iusim, Maria Karnafel, Alison Koleski, William . Pilling, Kyle Suhr, Yasha Joseph, Elnaz Eilkhani, Avery Eun, Athena Koumanelis, Rebecca Kozoman, Dustin Van Fleet, Tyler Gustafson, Emily Everett, Jasmine Briscoe, Michael J. Peluso, Scott D Solomon, Emmanuelle Mercier, Sunni Barbera, Christopher Toy, Leah Hillier, Mansi R. Thakrar, Verna Holmes, Max Logan, Hyatt Vincent, Janice John, Marjorie Roberts, Ruvina Silva, Shaveeta Gupta, Marisa Brightman, Tananshi Chopra, John Kaneko, Loice Mbogo, Laura Villanueva, Craig Lefebvre, Alan L. Mendelsohn, Melissa Williams, S. Pinkett, David Lieberman, Dixie Harris, Miranda Montoya, Rachel Jackson, Bertha Hidalgo, Peter Choe, Jess Choi, Michelle Santacatterina, Mark Ciriello, Tony Mei, Maika Mitchell, Madeleine Thorn, Jacqui Lindsay, Marta Cerda, R. Wilensky, Keysha Robinson, Kris Varney, Phyo Phyo Min Thu, Megan Maier, Leah Spurgeon, Saima Durrani, Carlos A. Luciano Roman, Joy Kuebler, Donchel Boone, Wendy Hasse, Jessica A. Hermansen, McKenna M. Jensen, Anyssa G. Francis, Rebecca Lowenthal, Conor Brennan, L Wilcox, Josie Tadeo, Isaias Gomez, Caitlin M. Kirkpatrick, Meghann Williams, Robert B. Neuman, Melissa Garner, Gail D. Pearson, Michael Hagensee, Kevin Mitchell, Julie A. Lam, Katie Fain, Alex F. Hudgins, Robert Hutton, J. McIntyre, Rosanne Wilson, K. Dhar, Marc Miller, Nancy Salinas, Jordan Walker, Jeremy P. Wood, Juton R. Winston, Carol R. Horowitz, Emilia Bagiella, Michael Luna, Stanley E. Cobos, Mhret Alemu, D.J. Doyle, Heather Marti, Meisha Mandal, Beverly Brion, Terry Leon, Doug MacFadden, Lydia Lerma, Tony Minor, Calista Murray, Krista Coombs, Andre Stringer, Terra J. Winter, Rebecca Wiener, Conner Donahue, Wanda Hall, Teri Kennedy, Franchesca A. Aguilar, Sharon Weiser, Dilshad R. Ahmed, Savannah Cranford, Sherrie Edmonds, Kimberly Hartwig, Cesar Rolon, Nachi Chukwumerije, Julia Herrera-Moreno, Leah Ling, Jeanne Dow, Lorlie Evans, Chase Garrett, James Juan, Nicholas Boldt, Carla Greenwood, Elisheva Weinberger, Joaquin Lim, Cara Adams, Ash Grimes, Connor McDonald, Pamela Solis, Ketteria D. Ingram, Hira Ismail, Jeanette Peralta, M. L. Snyder, Lynne Richardson, James Norman, Sarah Emerson, Arif R Sarwari, Patricia McCormack, Sharry Veres, Pastor C. Harris, J. Uy, Jessica Velazquez-Perez, Juliemar C. Medina, Sadie E. Munter, Sarah A. Stewart de Ramirez, Juan P. Wisnivesky, Christopher Huerta, Francisco Soto, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Danielle Labbato, Anisha Sekar, Sara Warfield Kelly, Joni Baxter, Lillian Hansen, Alexus Clark, Megan T. Lew, James Lombardo, Ana Ramírez, Alex Truong, Mary L. St. Jean Flanders, Yvette Burgos, Angelique Cruz Irving, Priyatha Rao, Jennifer A. Sculley, Katherine Herrera, Johnnie Jones, Kian Nguyen, Brianna Lawrence, Valerie Lew, Heather-Elizabeth Brown, Yvonka Hall, Sujata Bardhan, Maliya Tolbert, Kodasha M. Thomas, Donna Armstrong, Jamie Hansel, Cady Hart, Monique P. Gentil, Noelle Njoku, Jina Ok, Clarie Flanigan, Lisa Gale, Lela Olds, Marilyn Ortiz, Hannah Welter, Maya Nussenzweig, Tanner W. Bryan, Noah I. Martinez, Elyce B. Sheehan, Ron J. Sokol, Ashton M. Lindsay, Jenny M. Powell, Bailee Aguirre, Tiaura Webb, Michelle Gallagher, Fatima Contreras, Tina P. Hang, Reed Anderson, M Fischer, Italia Herrera, Carla Holloway, Naresh Khurana, Kelly Olszewski, Susan Fadden, Sicily LaRue, Mykayla Jeter, Lee T. Ryan, Tony Figueroa, Andhy Zamora, Domonique N. Chaplin, Nakia Croft, Edgar Infante, Lindsey Bennett, Susan Nance, Linda Chang, Megan Rockwell, JoAnn E. Manson, Rachael Abraham, Richard Satira, Hannah L. Curry, Susan Hood, Celina Chang Song, Bayan Hammad, Jacqueline Rutter, Kellie Owens, Jose D. Leon, Miranda Stinson, Maria Fayad, Richard E. Morse, Rebecca McGrath, Mehul S. Suthar, Maher Ghamloush, Susan E. Binkley, Karli Goodman, Ralph Lebron, Aileen Baker, Corbin Brent, Rachel Bull, Sam Pope, Janice Morinigo, Angel Craft, Isaac Ford, Alfredo Ramos, Cartia Dixon, Stephanie Alvarado, Emeka Emmanuel Okafor, D.T. Velarde, John Andrefsky, Zoe A. Lewczak, Elizabeth Phillips-Lorenzo, Kay Williams-Dawson, Tobasom Monafrared, Daniel Schilkrut, Nina Blachman, Jhonny Baissary, Elizabeth Lesco, Breandan Rosolia, Allison Rizea, Alyssa Zapien
article en
69 citations

Abstract

In this prospective cohort study of the NIH RECOVER-Adult cohort, female sex was associated with an increased risk of long COVID compared with male sex, and this association was age, pregnancy, and menopausal status dependent. These findings highlight the need to identify biological mechanisms contributing to sex specificity to facilitate risk stratification, targeted drug development, and improved management of long COVID.

JAMA Network OpenVol. 8(1)
Intermountain Healthcare (US), Tulane University (US), West Virginia University (US), Centre College (US), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US), Brigham and Women's Hospital (US), MetroHealth (US), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US), Kaiser Permanente (US), Harvard University (US), Howard University (US), University of Arizona (US), Emory University (US), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US), The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US), University of California, San Francisco (US), George Washington University (US), University of Utah (US), University Hospitals of Cleveland (US), Somerville Hospital (US), Inland Northwest Health Services (US), Banner Health (US), University of Alabama at Birmingham (US), University of Illinois Chicago (US), University of Chicago (US), Stony Brook School (US), Massachusetts General Hospital (US), Swedish Medical Center (US), MaineHealth (US), University School (US), Research Network (United States) (US), MetroHealth Medical Center (US), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (US), The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US), New York University (US), Case Western Reserve University (US), Stony Brook University (US), Columbia University (US), Stanford University (US), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 0%
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
94.47
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.