Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus: A Link between Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), are progressive in nature and often share overlapping characteristics. Both conditions contribute significantly to the global disease burden, making it critical to explore the link between DM and the worsening of AD symptoms. Objectives: This study aims to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms linking DM with AD progression, focusing on genetic, molecular, and environmental factors, as well as the role of metabolic pathways, electrolytes, and dietary influences in accelerating brain atrophy. Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature review was conducted using multiple scientific databases. The search targeted studies that investigate the shared genetic, cellular, and molecular pathways between AD and DM, with particular attention to the impact of insulin resistance on neuronal function. Results: The review highlights the role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein accumulation in brain tissue, mechanisms traditionally associated with AD but exacerbated by insulin resistance. The disturbance in metabolic homeostasis contributes to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Additionally, dietary habits and electrolyte imbalances were identified as contributing factors to the progression of neurodegeneration.