Propagation Model of Very Low Frequency Waves in the Ionosphere

Based on the finite-difference time-domain method with inhomogeneous grid and GPU parallel computing, this paper establishes the propagation model of very low frequency (VLF) waves in the ionosphere. The model can flexibly modify ionospheric parameters and simulate the propagation of VLF waves under different ionospheric conditions. This model provides theoretical support for the wide application of VLF waves in the ionosphere and the understanding of the mechanism of the whistler wave in the ionosphere.