A Joint Optimization Method for TDOA-based HF Source Localization with QP Ionosphere Model

A hybrid Sinh Cosh gradient projection (HSCGP) algorithm is proposed for solving the high frequency (HF) source localization based on the monolayer quasi-parabolic (QP) ionosphere model using time-difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements of the refracted radio rays. The algorithm utilizes Sinh Cosh Optimizer (SCHO) and gradient projection (GP) algorithm for joint optimization, introducing a novel information exchange mechanism. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms in terms of computational efficiency and positioning accuracy.