Strategic optimization and design of cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen supply chain networks – Qatar case study

• A multi-period optimization model for strategic H 2 post-production supply chain design. • Incorporates economic-environmental trade-offs, emission caps, and investment limits. • Using Qatar as a case study, evaluates alternative hydrogen supply chain pathways. This study introduces a multi-period integrated optimization model for designing a strategic hydrogen supply chain (HSC) network, concentrating on the post-production stages of conditioning, storage, transportation, and post-conditioning. Qatar serves as the case study for evaluating three HSC pathways—ammonia (as a hydrogen carrier), liquefied hydrogen, and compressed hydrogen—across pre-conditioning, storage, shipping, and post-conditioning stages. The optimization framework spans a 20-year plan, supporting strategic, long-term hydrogen export infrastructure planning. Economic and environmental factors are incorporated to analyze HSC performance under various scenarios, accounting for realistic constraints, such as investment limits and emission caps. Key findings reveal trade-offs between pathways and design strategies that must account for balancing costs with environmental impacts. Results indicate that the ammonia pathway is preferred in scenarios without emission penalties but becomes less favorable with increased penalties, shifting preference toward the liquified hydrogen pathway. With stringent emission limits, short- and mid-range markets are prioritized, underscoring the importance of emissions-conscious strategies. This study demonstrates the utility of optimization tools in balancing economic and environmental objectives, offering policymakers and industry stakeholders a robust framework for developing sustainable and efficient HSC networks.