From just transitions to just transformations; observations from Aotearoa New Zealand in addressing the human wellbeing impacts of climate change

Abstract This paper interrogates the utility of a just transition framework for climate change and human wellbeing in the context of Aotearoa New Zealand. Drawing on historical conceptualisations and applications of just transitions, their limitations and potential, we argue that an expansive and anti-reductionist conceptualisation of the just transition is best suited to address complex and inter-sectoral issues across time and space. Expansive just transitions are characterised by four features; relationality, systems-thinking, place-based and inter-generational approaches, where emancipation is held as the overarching objective. While we argue in favour of an expansive and anti-reductionist just transition framework being employed in the face of complex issues, such as the human wellbeing impacts of climate change, we introduce the concept of a just transformation : achieving true equity and justice in the face of climate change requires a transformative approach, situated outside of the confines of the hegemonic economic system and linear transitions. Transformations and not transitions are required for the health and wellbeing outcomes desired amidst threats of climate change.