Neuroprotective effects of <i>Carpinus tschonoskii</i> leave extract against glutamate-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells

This study elucidates the neuroprotective effects of C. tschonoskii leaf extract against glutamate-induced oxidative damage in HT22 neuronal cells.Our findings demonstrate that pretreatment with C. tschonoskii leaf extract significantly attenuates glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner.The extract significantly reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevents apoptosis induced by glutamate exposure.Furthermore, C. tschonoskii leaf extract reduces the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK, key signaling proteins integral to neuronal survival, while downregulating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and AIF.Collectively, these results indicate that C. tschonoskii leaf extract exerts its protective effects by modulating ROS production, inhibiting phosphorylation of oxidative stress-related signaling pathways, and decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.Consequently, this study suggests that C. tschonoskii leaf extract has potential as a therapeutic agent for treating neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain and nervous system.