The synthesis of new biotechnological selenium nanohybrids and risk assessment of bacteria with multi-resistance

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a significant medical and veterinary problem, as bacteria rapidly develop adaptive mechanisms to counteract the effects of conventional drugs. Excessive exposure to antibiotics and the development of resistance mechanisms to antibacterial agents have provoked the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Significant efforts are currently being made to counteract the proliferation of resistant strains by identifying bacteria capable of synthesising antibiotics, discovering new chemical variations in their formulations, and combining natural antibiotics with previously unknown natural sources of antibiotics. Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria, peptides or proteins with antibacterial properties, are attracting considerable attention. Selenium is a vital trace element for maintaining health and promoting growth that can be used synergistically with oral antibiotic therapy and as an important component of the diet, and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial properties and significant antibacterial efficacy. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the literature data on methods of extraction and purification of enterocin, chemical synthesis of selenium nanohybrids, their characterization using various methods, and assessment of their biological activity. The analysis of literature data confirmed the production of selenium in its chemically pure state. The negative value of the zeta potential of Se nanoparticles was demonstrated, which contributes to their electrical stability and ability to be uniformly distributed in solutions without the formation of aggregates or precipitates. The formation of nanohybrids after the addition of protein shows a tendency to positive values, indicating a significant effect of protein on the surface characteristics of SeNPs. The antibacterial activity of enterocin was studied. It was established that the effectiveness of synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) against the studied bacteria was lower than that of the synthesized nanohybrid. The study of the antioxidant activity of nanohybrids showed that nanohybrids can absorb free radicals in a larger range than enterocin alone. Thus, the literature data illustrate the enhanced antioxidant activity of the nanohybrid in vitro and better antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria compared to enterocin alone, which indicates the possibility of its use in various industries, in particular in the food and medical industries. The article studied publications only on the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant effects of enterocin and nanohybrids. At the same time, there is a need for research to study additional effects of the bioactivity of nanohybrids as antifungal and antitumor agents. Key words: Selenium nanoparticles, bacteria, antibacterial activity, antioxidant, bacteriocins.