Advances in lopinavir formulations: strategies to overcome solubility, bioavailability, and stability challenges

Lopinavir, a key protease inhibitor in antiretroviral therapy, faces significant challenges related to its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and low stability, which limit its therapeutic efficacy. This review explores a range of advanced formulation strategies developed to overcome these limitations, enhancing lopinavir’s delivery and effectiveness. Nanoparticle-based systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid-polymer hybrid systems demonstrate notable improvements in bioavailability, drug release, and lymphatic targeting. Additionally, solid dosage formulations like amorphous solid dispersions and proliposomes have been shown to significantly enhance solubility and stability, improving lopinavir’s pharmacokinetic profile. By reviewing the preparation techniques, in vivo results, and comparative advantages of these innovative delivery systems, this article provides insight into their potential to optimize lopinavir-based therapies. Furthermore, the review discusses the role of these strategies in addressing adherence issues, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Continued research into the novel approaches is essential for advancing lopinavir delivery and enhancing its clinical efficacy in the treatment of HIV.