Toward Peak Performance: Analyzing Donor Density and Thickness in Perovskite Through SCAPS-1D Simulation

The goal of this work is to maximize the performance of NH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>(CH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>)<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>NH<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>MnCl<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf>-PSC by exploring the complex link between N<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf> and thickness variations. It investigates how changes in these factors impact the device's PV parameters through a thorough simulation, and for simulation it used SCAPS-1D tool. Its results clarify a subtle interaction wherein initial thickness and N<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf>increases boost efficiency through increased light absorption and charge production. Still, attaining peak performance means negotiating a threshold at which increased recombination losses balance out grains. Following are the study's ideal results: V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf>: 1.46V, J<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</inf> 17.37 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{mA}/\text{cm}^{2}$</tex>, FF: 86.2%, and PCE: 22%. As a result, accurate calibration becomes increasingly important. By developing efficient solar cell technologies and optimizing renewable energy systems, this study advances industry, innovation, and infrastructure while promoting cheap and clean energy. Furthermore, by proposing sustainable energy options to counteract climate change, it is in line with climate action. This study intends to uncover the full potential of NH-PSCs for renewable energy applications while expediting progress towards sustainable development goals through comprehensive studies and parameter fine-tuning.