Invasive Teak Defoliator Hyblaea puera Outbreak Threatens Mangrove Ecosystems in Kerala, India: Implications for Biodiversity and Coastal Resilience

Mangroves play a vital role in coastal resilience by supporting biodiversity, preventing soil erosion, and sustaining local livelihoods. This study reports the first major outbreak of the invasive moth Hyblaea puera (teak defoliator) on mangroves in Kannur and Kasaragod Districts, Kerala, India. The larvae caused severe defoliation of Avicennia officinalis, Kerala's dominant mangrove species, leaving vast areas with a burned appearance. This infestation threatens the ecological and socio-economic value of mangroves, impacting their protective functions and local biodiversity. Similar outbreaks have occurred in Maharashtra's Airoli and Vashi Creek, primarily affecting Avicennia marina. The epidemic-level infestation in Kerala was noted in 2024, especially during monsoon and post monsoon months, with larvae also targeting species like Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera cylindrica, Derris trifoliata, Derris trifoliata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Volkameria inermis. Pest identification was confirmed via mitochondrial COI gene sequencing. Natural predators, including birds, snails, spiders, and parasitoids, were observed, indicating potential for biological control. Future studies will focus on assessing the ecological impact and exploring management strategies like biological control, chemical treatments, and physical removal to protect mangrove ecosystems in Kerala, India.