Phishing Victimization Risk Factors: A Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory Analysis of Scam Types and Demographic Influences

Phishing scams have become a significant and growing threat in the digital age, with cybercriminals increasingly targeting individuals through deceptive online tactics. These scams exploit personal information and online behaviors, making it essential to understand the factors that contribute to phishing victimization. This study, conducted in Angeles City with 140 respondents, used a descriptive correlational research design to explore the relationships between phishing victimization and exposure to phishing attempts, online behaviors, and the lack of protective measures. The study also examined the influence of different types of phishing scams (email, SMS) and sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, and household income. The results revealed that individuals engaging in online activities such as e-commerce and banking were more vulnerable to phishing scams. Additionally, those with more personal information or those involved in frequent online financial transactions were at higher risk. The study found that individuals using cybersecurity practices like security software and participating in phishing awareness programs were less prone to being targeted by phishing attacks. Furthermore, the data highlighted that exposure to one type of phishing scam increased the likelihood of encountering other types. Overall, the study highlights the significance of proactive cybersecurity measures and public awareness in mitigating phishing risks.