An Urban Electric Vehicle Charging System via Hybrid Heterogeneous Modes

Electric Vehicle (EV) is regarded as the optimal alternative to traditional fuel-powered vehicles. However, the exponential surge in EV charging demand poses challenges in charging infrastructure planning and charging behavior management. The efficacy of traditional Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) charging mode, which obtains power from the grid, is curtailed by the limited number and uneven distribution of charging facilities, inevitably leading to charging congestion. Instead, the concept of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging has emerged as a spatio-temporally flexible charging mode, which expands EV's role from consumer to provider, forming V2V pairs and utilizing urban Parking Lots (PLs) as charging locations. In this paper, we propose a Hybrid Heterogeneous Modes (HHM)-based EV charging optimization scheme in urban settings. Building upon the G2V mode, we introduce synchronous and asynchronous V2V charging modes as optimization strategies, integrating and exploiting the unique advantages of each mode. We also utilize global EV charging scheduling and comprehensively take four dimensions into consideration (energy trading cost, travel cost, waiting time cost and loss cost), thus achieving flexible mode selection, V2V pairing, and designated charging locations. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in reducing total charging costs, optimizing user service experiences, and improving charging facility utilization rates.