Resilient GNSS Coarse Positioning based of Angle of Arrival Estimates

In this paper, we present two coarse positioning solutions that exploit array antennas with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The first solution estimates the angle of arrival (AoA) of all the received GNSS signals individually; afterwards, the AoA estimates and the satellites’ positions are linked together to formulate a two steps optimization function. The second solution, however, exploits the raw data from the array antenna to estimate directly the coarse position using a single step optimization function. The proposed solutions utilize a short recording time (in the order of milliseconds) of the received GNSS signals. Furthermore, the solutions do not depend on the received signal information (i.e. the code phase and the Doppler measurements), therefore, they are resilient against spoofing attempts. The experimental results reveal that the proposed solutions can provide a positioning accuracy below 92 km for $\mathbf{9 0 \%}$ of the estimated positions (using only 4 elements array antenna). Furthermore, the results reveal that the single step solution is resilient against the multipath effect, hence, it outperforms the two steps solution.