From Etymology to Medical Theory : Exploring the Connotations of Kuáng(狂), Diān(癲), and Fēng(疯) Among Literati and Eccentrics

This study examines the semantic, medical, and cultural dimensions of the Chinese characters kuáng (狂), diān (癲), and fēng (瘋), uncovering their rich meanings and unique semantic evolutions. Originally, kuáng denoted madness and loss of control, but it gradually evolved to critique human weaknesses and emotional instability. Among scholars and artists, however, it gained a positive connotation, symbolizing creativity and inspiration. Diān initially referred to medical conditions but later extended to signify mental instability, forming a close semantic connection with kuáng. In the consciousness of literati across dynasties, diān was often associated with unconventional behavior arising from the pursuit of artistic excellence, carrying a positive affirmation. Fēng, which appeared later, first described physical symptoms and eventually became synonymous with mental disorders during the Ming and Qing periods. The differences in pathological and cultural connotations of these characters elevated kuáng as a symbol of freedom, individuality, and creativity among the literati, while diān represented an image of artistic passion, reflecting ancient China's tolerance for unconventionality and intense emotions. This study not only sheds light on the characteristics of Chinese semantic evolution but also illustrates the multifaceted interpretations of mental states in Chinese culture.