Alzheimer's disease and proteins involved in the transport of fatty acids into the brain. Literature review

Annotation. Alzheimer's disease is a primary cortical degenerative dementia characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and the death of nerve cells. Impaired lipid metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. The goal is to investigate the role of proteins in the transport of fatty acids, particularly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, into the brain and the relationship with the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. For the scientific review, data from the scientometric databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Crossref, and WorldCat were used, referring mainly to publications from 2005-2023. Many studies have shown that a diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can improve cognitive function during normal aging and prevent the development of neurocognitive diseases. However, it is still unclear how polyunsaturated fatty acids are transported from the blood to the brain, or how they are related to cognitive performance. The transport of fatty acids into and out of the central nervous system depends on two major sets of barriers: the blood-brain barrier between the peripheral blood and brain tissue and the blood-CSF barrier. required components are delivered across the blood-brain barrier by several pathways, such as passive diffusion, transcytosis, and transport of fatty acids by transport proteins. There are a number of fatty acid transport proteins: fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36, caveolin-1, fatty acid-binding proteins, long-chain fatty acid acyl-CoA synthetase, and fatty acid transport proteins. In the course of the review, the importance of various mechanisms and possible pathways of fatty acid transport across the blood-brain barrier and between brain cells in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases was determined. Also, certain types of fatty acid transporter proteins can serve as marker substances for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.