Alcohol and Smoking Consumption Trends Across Indian States and Union Territories: A Regional Analysis

This study investigates alcohol and smoking consumption trends across Indian states and union territories, highlighting significant regional disparities driven by socio-economic, cultural, and policy-related factors. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019–2021 involving 1.6 million participants forms the basis of this analysis. Alcohol consumption is notably higher in northeastern states like Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, influenced by cultural norms, while states like Gujarat and Bihar report minimal use due to legal prohibitions. Similarly, smoking prevalence varies, with northern states exhibiting higher rates compared to the south. Socio-economic factors, including income and education, alongside gender norms, also significantly influence these patterns. The study underscores the critical role of regional policies, such as the prohibition laws in Gujarat and Bihar, and initiatives like the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), which have shown mixed effectiveness. The findings emphasize the necessity of region-specific interventions and public health campaigns tailored to local socio-cultural contexts to mitigate the health burdens associated with alcohol and tobacco use. By integrating demographic and cultural insights, this research aims to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers to address these pressing public health challenges in India.