Waste Pollutants in Water Bodies: A Preliminary Study on Co-Occurrence and Combined Effects Over Gulf of Guinea, River Niger, River Benue, and Lake Chad

The purpose of this study is to investigate the co-occurrence and combined effects of various waste pollutants in the Gulf of Guinea, River Niger, River Benue, and Lake Chad, and to propose effective remediation strategies. Water pollution poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health globally, with the Gulf of Guinea, River Niger, River Benue, and Lake Chad being particularly vulnerable due to various anthropogenic activities. Understanding the extent and impact of pollution in these water bodies is crucial for developing effective management and remediation strategies. Objectives of this study include- 1. Assess the levels and types of pollutants present in the selected water bodies, 2. Identify the primary sources of these pollutants, 3. Evaluate the combined effects of multiple contaminants on the aquatic environment and human health, 4. Propose feasible remediation measures to mitigate pollution. Field sampling was conducted at various points along the Gulf of Guinea, River Niger, River Benue, and Lake Chad. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium), pesticides (atrazine, glyphosate), pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, hormones), nutrients (nitrates, phosphates), microbial pathogens (E. coli, total coliforms), and micro-plastics. Simple statistical methods were used to interpret the data and identify pollution trends. The analysis revealed significant levels of heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, nutrients, microbial pathogens, and micro-plastics across all studied water bodies. Industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, improper disposal of pharmaceuticals, and inadequate wastewater treatment were identified as major pollution sources. The study found that the combined presence of multiple pollutants poses severe risks to aquatic life and human health, necessitating immediate action. The interaction between different contaminants can exacerbate their negative effects, highlighting the need for comprehensive pollution management. Recommended remediation measures include strengthening environmental regulations, enhancing wastewater treatment infrastructure, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, improving plastic waste management, and fostering community involvement. International cooperation is also essential for addressing transboundary pollution.