A study on the effects of El Nino and global warming in India: Climatic changes, issues and challenges

El Nino is a climatic phenomenon that constantly increases temperatures at the ocean level in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, which influences worldwide weather patterns. Global warming is the progressive increase in the Earth's average surface temperature caused by human activity, primarily the release of greenhouse gases, which alters the climate and has other severe environmental effects. Both El Nino and global warming have profound effects on India. El Nino disrupts the monsoon, leading to droughts or excessive rainfall, while global warming exacerbates this, intensifying heat waves and altering precipitation patterns. This study explores how El Nino and global warming affect India's economy and society. It examines their impact on agriculture, water resources, public health, the environment and livelihoods. Further, this study highlights the need to implement effective measures across sectors to strengthen climate resilience and to provide better coping with the impacts of El Nino, safeguarding socio-economic systems and promoting sustainable development.