A Novel Namib Beetle Optimization Approach for Minimizing CO₂ Emissions in Electric Vehicle Charging Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources

Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) with renewable energy sources (RESs) can lead to increased costs due to the need for advanced infrastructure and control systems, which may deter investment in clean technologies. Additionally, if the grid still relies on fossil fuels during periods of low renewable generation, the overall CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions may not decrease significantly, undermining the environmental benefits of EV adoption. In an effort to eliminate these drawbacks, this manuscript develops an approach to implementing charging of EVs using RESs. Namib Beetle Optimization (NBO) is the proposed method of this research. The major aim of the proposed method is to minimize the cost of charging of EV and at the same time minimize CO2 emission. The proposed NBO is employed so as to control and maximize the charging and discharging rate of the EV. At that time the proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB and performance is compared with several other techniques. The proposed technique is better than all the previous techniques like IALO, GA, MWOA, JMVO, and BESA for countering the threats effectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms traditional methods, effectively reducing costs of EV charging as $7,500 and CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions as 60.5ppm.