Quantitative Analysis of Parking Difficulty via Vehicle Kinematics

Despite extensive research in automated parking systems, the selection of parking spaces in some complex parking environments is not well understood. To fill this gap, a parking difficulty evaluation model was proposed by simulating the process of vehicles exiting a parking space. The difficulty of parallel parking is quantified and evaluated in this paper by considering two key factors: the number of gear shifts required and the driving distance necessary to complete the maneuver. Additionally, scenarios where part of the parking space is occupied are incorporated into the analysis. The model proposed in this paper can be used to quantify and evaluate the parking difficulty of different sizes of side-oriented parking spaces.