Assessment of seawater quality and environmental sustainability for shipwreck diving tourism: a case study of mv Boelongan Nederland in Mandeh Bay, Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to model the condition of seawater quality based on Government Regulation No. 22/2021 about «Implementation of Protection and Environmental Management», the results of which can later be used as a basis for reference for the concept of environmental conservation. The research was conducted at the MV Boelongan Nederland shipwreck site, focusing on seawater quality measurements including physical, chemical, and pollutant parameters. Sampling was performed at various locations near the shipwreck and nearby estuaries using purposive sampling. Parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, and concentrations of pollutants like phenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and pesticides were measured and analyzed using geographic information system (GIS) tools. Data analysis revealed that despite some variations, seawater quality parameters generally met regulatory standards, supporting marine life and tourism activities. However, localized pollution was observed, particularly near estuary areas, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts. The research results indicate that the estuarine areas experience light pollution due to land-based runoff, which could affect the long-term sustainability of the shipwreck site. However, the overall seawater quality at the shipwreck location remains favorablefor marine tourism and conservation. The findings suggest that a zoning system could be beneficial for managing underwater heritage sites, thereby supporting both environmental preservation and the economic development of the region. Furthermore, the research emphasizesthe potential of shipwrecks as tourism assets, suggesting their role as artificial reefs and underwater museums thatcontributeto visitors’ recreational and educational experiences.