Calcium levels modulate embryo yield in Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis

Calcium (Ca²⁺) is a universal signaling cation with a prominent role as second messenger in many different plant processes, including sexual reproduction. However, there is much less knowledge about the involvement of Ca²⁺ during <i>in vitro</i> embryogenesis processes. In this work we performed a study of Ca²⁺ levels during the different stages of microspore embryogenesis in <i>Brassica napus</i>, with special attention to how Ca²⁺ can influence the occurrence of different embryogenic structures with different embryogenic potential. We also performed a pharmacological study to modulate Ca²⁺ homeostasis during different stages of the process, using a series of Ca²⁺-altering chemicals (BAPTA-AM, bepridil, chlorpromazine, cyclopiazonic acid, EGTA, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionophore A23187, W-7). This study shows that Ca²⁺ increase can be considered as an early marker of induction of microspore embryogenesis. Besides, Ca²⁺ levels are highly dynamic during microspore embryogenesis, influencing the final embryo yield. Increase of either extracellular or intracellular Ca²⁺ levels improves embryo yield without altering the proportion of highly embryogenic structures formed, which suggests that elevated Ca²⁺ levels increase the amount of microspores reaching the minimum Ca²⁺ threshold required for embryogenesis induction. Conversely, inhibition of Ca²⁺ uptake or signaling results in reduced embryogenic response. This allows to modulate embryo yield within a functional range, with lower and upper Ca²⁺ thresholds beyond which embryo yield is reduced. There seems to be a relationship between Ca²⁺ levels and embryo differentiation.