WARFARE OF ULUS JOCHI (GOLDEN HORDE)

This article is devoted to the military affairs of the Eurasian empire called the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi). The objective of this study is to summarize the materials concerning the military affairs of the Ulus of Jochi and to highlight its characteristic features. The novelty of this study is the analysis of military actions primarily in Europe. The article uses the methods of factor and diachronic analysis. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the characteristic features of the military affairs of the Golden Horde. The results of the study are as follows: 1) the army of the Ulus of Jochi was mainly mounted. Infantry units were recruited from the troops of allies and vassals; 2) the art of siege, unlike many other nomads, was quite developed in the Ulus of Jochi, which, however, did not exclude the use of traditional nomadic tactics during the siege; 3) the weapons of the Kipchaks combined Mongolian and local Kipchak features. The weapons of the light Tatar horseman did not differ fundamentally from those of earlier nomads. The structure of the troops of the Ulus of Jochi was more complex than that of the Kipchaks, Pechenegs and Oghuz. This was due to the greater number of warriors, a more complex social hierarchy and a significantly larger geographical area; 4) during a skirmish with an army consisting of horsemen, the Tatars used typical nomadic tactics.