Investigation of gold and silver based hybrid nanofluid with effects of thermal radiation over a stretching sheet

The low heat conductivity of base fluids poses significant challenges, leading to growing interest in nanofluids, which have shown promise in improving heat transfer compared to conventional fluids. A nanofluid refers to a fluid that contains nanoparticles uniformly distributed within a base fluid, prepared using specialized techniques to ensure stability and long-term performance, making them distinct from conventional mixtures. Freshwater, refrigeration, glycol, or heating oil are examples of base fluids. The base fluid in this investigation is ethylene glycol mixed with hybrid nanoparticles of graphene oxide, gold, and silver. This study aims to examine the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior of hybrid nanofluids over a stretching sheet when exposed to heat radiation and a magnetic field. The basic equations undergo appropriate similarity transformations to convert them from nonlinear higher-order partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The bvp4c method, an inherent function in MATLAB, is employed to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The influence of multiple relevant factors, such as thermal radiation, Prandtl number, slip parameter, Biot number, magnetic field, melting parameter, Nusselt number and skin friction against velocity and thermal profiles is being exemplified through the graphs and tables. Velocity decreases with magnetic and slip parameters, while the melting parameter increases it but reduces the thermal profile. Thermal radiation, Biot number, and the presence of a heat source or sink enhance the thermal profile, whereas higher Nusselt numbers and skin friction reduce it while improving convective heat transfer. The study demonstrates a 29.6 % enhancement in the Nusselt number for hybrid nanofluids compared to conventional fluids as the Prandtl number rises from 2.2 to 3.2. Moreover, the heat transfer performance of hybrid nanofluids surpasses that of traditional nanofluids. The results align well with existing literature, confirming their reliability and consistency. This study holds potential benefits for various fields, including applications in extreme temperature environments, medical devices, metal coatings, biosensors, and aerospace technology. The use of hybrid nanofluids has proven to be instrumental in enhancing temperature regulation and improving fuel efficiency across diverse sectors such as automotive and energy industries.