Some antibiotics resistance genes of bacterial group ESKAPE in Nineveh and Duhok governorates, Iraq

Aims: This study aims to find human pathogens called "ESKAPE".These include Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp., which can cause nosocomial infections, the sensitivity test against different types of antibiotics using AST cards of the Vitek-2 System.PCR was used to detect three genes that code for antibiotic resistance: aac(3)-ll, drf and blaCMY-2.Using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), the nucleotide sequencing of genes was compared to the information at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to determine the types of mutations present in these genes.Methodology and results: A total of 332 different clinical samples and swabs from patients of different ages and both sexes were collected, including 180 urines, 3 blood, 50 wounds, 20 burns, 13 cerebrospinal fluids and 40 sputa, and swabs, including 10 high vaginal swabs (HVS), 7 throats and 9 noses during the period April 2017 to September 2018, samples were collected from Nineveh Governorate Hospitals (Al-Salam Educational, Al-Zahrawi Educational) and Duhok Governorate Hospitals (Emergency and Vin Hospitals), as well as some private laboratories.The traditional method of isolating bacteria was used.Then, Gram-negative and positive bacteria cards from the Vitek-2 System were used to determine what kind of bacteria they were.Antibiotic sensitivity test cards from the Vitek-2 System were used to test 43 isolates for their sensitivity to different types of antibiotics.Then, plasmid DNA was taken from 24 of them using the PCR method.The results were that 73 of the isolates were negative (25 g) and 48 were positive (48 g).There were 8 E. faecalis isolates (10.96%), 17 S. aureus isolates (23.28%), 13 K. pneumoniae isolates (17.81%), 12 A. baumannii isolates (16.44%), 11 P. aeruginosa isolates (15.07%) and 12 E. cloacae isolates (16.44%).Using a primer for the aac(3)-ll, drf and blaCMY-2 genes, finding the code for antibiotic resistance in three genes was possible.Electrophoresis showed that only one strain of E. faecalis had aac(3)-ll genes, but all isolates of S. aureus had aac(3)-ll genes.Four K. pneumoniae strains did not have any blaCMY-2 genes.Only one of the four strains had a drf gene and three had aac(3)-ll genes.All four A. baumannii strains possessed the blaCMY-2 gene, three strains possessed the drf gene and two strains possessed the aac(3)-ll gene.Two of the five strains of P. aeruginosa contained the blaCMY-2 gene, but none contained the drf gene.However, only two of the five types had the aac(3)-ll gene.All four strains of E. cloacae did not have the drf gene, but two did have the aac(3)-ll gene.Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Staphylococcus aureus was dominant in isolation and antibiotic resistance.Using a primer for the aac(3)-ll, drf and blaCMY-2 genes, all strains of S. aureus had aac(3)-ll genes.Four K. pneumoniae strains did not have any blaCMY-2 genes.All four A. baumannii strains possessed the blaCMY-2 gene, three strains possessed the drf gene and two strains possessed the aac(3)-ll gene.Two of the five strains of P. aeruginosa contained the blaCMY-2 gene and only two of the five types had the aac(3)-ll gene.All four strains of E. cloacae did not have the drf gene, but two had the aac(3)-ll gene.The nucleotide sequencing of 16 genes was compared to the NCBI Information using BLAST.Based on the data used, mutations of the transversion and transition types were found in these genes.