Liberal Theories and Ecological Justice: Proposing a Non-Hierarchical Framework

This article explores the evolving discourse on environmental justice, calling for a more inclusive and interconnected approach that recognizes the deep ties between humans, communities, and the natural world. Traditional environmental justice frameworks, which focus on fairness in the distribution of environmental benefits and harms, have been criticized by marginalized groups, feminist thinkers, and environmental ethicists for being too narrow and centered on human interests. Liberal ecological theories, including those from philosophers like John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum, often emphasize individual rights and human needs, but they fall short of addressing the broader, collective, and ecological dimensions of environmental justice. The article synthesizes various perspectives and argues for a shift beyond these limited, human-centered models to embrace an approach that integrates ethical, political, and legal responsibilities toward both humans and nature. By drawing on Indigenous perspectives, posthuman, and intersectional environmentalism, the paper highlights the need for collective action, respect for future generations, and solidarity in facing both social and environmental challenges. It proposes a more holistic and sustainable vision of environmental justice, one that respects the rights and well-being of all living beings and ecosystems.