Simulation-based mineral prospectivity modeling and Gray Wolf optimization algorithm for delimiting exploration targets

• Swarm intelligence algorithm is adapted for mineral exploration targeting. • Application of the algorithm facilitates precise selection of targets from prospectivity models. • The proposed method treats as an optimization approach for exploration targeting. Exploration targeting is a multi-step process concerned with delimiting progressively smaller areas that are prospective for the targeted mineral deposit type, capable of hosting a potentially economic deposit and deserving of exploration funds. In mineral prospectivity modeling (MPM), target delineation represents the final stage of a procedure designed to identify discrete, explorable areas of high discovery potential within a much larger area of interest, typically covering entire camps, districts or provinces. However, defining unbiased thresholds for discriminating between high, moderate and low priority exploration targets is not a straightforward task. To avoid human bias in this thresholding process, a more structured, automated approach is needed. This study presents a simulation-based approach to MPM that adapts the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, a swarm intelligence method capable of objectively delineating exploration targets from MPM results. Our approach aims to reduce bias by applying Monte Carlo Simulation to the assignment of robust weights to the predictor maps at the core of the MPM procedure. The GWO algorithm facilitates the classification and prioritization and enhances the accuracy and reliability of the resulting targets. The proposed procedure is demonstrated here using a porphyry copper (Cu) example from the Chahargonbad district, SE Iran. The results show that the GWO-based framework not only identifies high-priority exploration zones but also reduces the uncertainty inherent in traditional manual selection methods. As such, this novel approach contributes to both theoretical and practical advancements in the field of mineral exploration, offering a scalable solution that can be adapted to various geological settings.