Sustainability on the plate: Unveiling the environmental footprint of pasta supply chain through Life Cycle Assessment

The sustainability transition of the agri-food supply chain presents numerous challenges, with agriculture alone contributing significantly to climate change, water use, and soil degradation. Cereals represent the largest share of people's dietary patterns, and their production is connected to diverse environmental challenges, which require a holistic approach that encompasses the entire agri-food supply chain. Life Cycle Assessment has been extensively employed to estimate the environmental impacts of agri-food supply chain and more specifically of dry durum wheat pasta. However, no studies have been developed yet for gluten-free pasta and fresh stuffed pasta with increasing consumption patterns that might reshape the environmental sustainability of the food supply chain. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment technique to assess – through a cradle-to-grave approach – the sustainability of gluten-free and fresh stuffed pasta produced in Northern Italy and makes use of 18 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) on durum wheat pasta to compare the environmental impacts of different pasta recipes. Results reveal that gluten-free pasta is characterized by a strong negative impact in the cultivation stage, due to water-demanding practices adopted to grow rice and corn. Fresh stuffed pasta production is associated to higher impacts both in the distribution phase, due to the energy needed for refrigeration, and in the production of ingredients, because of the additional animal-based products in the recipe. This study could offer a quantitative baseline to pave the way to implement specific mitigation actions and sustainability strategies aimed at improving the environmental performance of pasta supply chain. • First Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based comparison of traditional, gluten-free, and fresh stuffed pasta supply chains. • Comparison of environmental impacts reported in durum wheat pasta EPD with gluten-free pasta and fresh stuffed pasta • Gluten-free cereals cultivation is highly water-demanding, impacting environmental sustainability. • Fresh stuffed pasta refrigeration and ingredient production significantly contribute to Global Warming Potential.