Efectividad y beneficios del ejercicio físico en pacientes con fibromialgia: una revisión bibliográfica

Introduction: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by wides­pread pain, non-restorative sleep, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction, which significantly affects patients’ quality of life. Material or Patients and Methods: This literature review analyzes the efficacy and benefits of physical exercise in the management of fibromyalgia, including aerobic exercises, strengthening, flexibility, aquatic activities, and specific practices like Tai Chi, yoga, and Pilates. The search was conducted in the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Priority was given to the inclusion of randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: Evidence demonstrates that physical exercise can reduce pain, improve functional capacity and quality of life, and decrease fatigue and stiffness. At the molecular level, physical exercise modulates inflammatory markers and neurotransmitters, contributing to the reduction of central sensitization and improving cognitive function and sleep quality. However, the response to exercise varies among patients due to the heterogeneity of the condition. Conclusion: It is crucial to design individualized and progressive exercise programs to maximize benefits and minimize the risk of exacerbating symptoms. Interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of strategies to improve adherence are essential for deve­loping safe and effective exercise programs that enhance the quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia.