Pharmacological evaluation of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. methanolic extract: An in vitro investigation for antioxidant and antibacterial properties

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are caused by antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming organisms, which gained much importance due to the complications in hospitalised patients that make treatment difficult.Therefore, urgent drug development with potent pharmacological activities is needed to fight against CAUTI-causing organisms.Hence, our study investigated the methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.)Pers.for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis, and the antimicrobial activity was proved by the agar diffusion method, and the least inhibitory concentrations of K. pinnata were found to be 0.5 mg/ml, which desired to inhibit E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, and E. faecalis growth.Further, K. pinnata extracts antibiofilm activity was quantified through the crystal violet staining method and efficiently inhibited all the test pathogens' biofilm formation on non-living surfaces up to their MIC concentrations.Also, the extract efficiently eradicated 83%, 86%, 89%, and 86% of S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans mature biofilms, respectively, of all the test pathogens after 3X MIC (1.5 mg/ml) of K. pinnata extract.The catheter coating with K. pinnata extractrevealed antiadhesive properties against all the tested pathogens.In addition, the K. pinnata extract exhibited antioxidant properties and was not cytotoxic to normal L 929 cells.In conclusion, based on the results, the K. pinnata extract may act as an alternative agent for CAUTI treatment.